The initial period of the southwest monsoon's unreliability has led to a recurring water crisis in the Cauvery river basin. The primary states sharing the river, Karnataka (situated upstream) and Tamil Nadu (downstream), have achieved minimal advancement in devising a method for sharing water during periods of scarcity in this contentious disagreement. Yet again, significant rainfall within the Cauvery catchment area has provided relief to both regions. It is uncertain whether this development will alleviate the underlying tensions or intensify regionalistic sentiments. Political friction is escalating, evidenced by pro-Kannada organizations advocating for a statewide shutdown in Karnataka on August 13, and the DMK party arranging a demonstration in Thanjavur for August 3, which aligns with the Aadi Perukku festival celebrated along the Cauvery's banks. Despite a considerable increase in water flowing into four key reservoirs in Karnataka's Cauvery basin, it is premature to declare an end to the water scarcity impacting agriculturalists in both states. The choice by the Congress administration in Karnataka to withhold water for irrigation exacerbates the predicament, although such denials regarding pre-arranged water allocations are not unprecedented. As a result, Billigundulu, the designated interstate measurement station, recorded a mere one thousand million cubic feet (tmc ft) during July—typically the month with the highest rainfall—compared to the mandated 31 tmc ft.
Potentially influenced by predictions of an insufficient monsoon season, Karnataka's Chief Minister opted for a cautious approach, foreseeing a severe deficit in drinking water supplies. Nevertheless, this decision has had significant repercussions for Tamil Nadu, which received only approximately 3.6 tmc ft between June 1 and the end of July, representing a mere 10% of the roughly 40 tmc ft stipulated by the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal and the Supreme Court. During its meeting on July 30, the Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) endorsed the instruction from the Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC) for Karnataka to release 3,500 cusecs to Billigundulu daily for a period of 15 days, commencing July 29. While this volume of water would not have been sufficient to satisfy the irrigation requirements of Tamil Nadu's Cauvery delta, it would have offered some environmental benefit. The CWMA's ruling has caused discontent among agricultural communities and political figures in Karnataka, though natural rainfall has provided some limited relief. Should Karnataka deem the current frameworks—namely the CWMA and CWRC—to be insufficient, it possesses the option to propose alternative solutions; however, it is first obligated to adhere to the judgments rendered by these bodies, which are designed to protect the interests of the riparian states in accordance with the rulings of the Tribunal and the Supreme Court. In contrast to previous Chief Ministers, Tamil Nadu's Chief Minister C. Joseph Vijay initiated contact with his Karnataka counterpart, D.K. Shivakumar; nevertheless, Mr. Shivakumar requested Mr. Vijay to reschedule his planned visit to Bengaluru on August 3. Despite this interaction, the two states should not be discouraged from making a fresh attempt to establish a formula for sharing water during shortages, an endeavor last undertaken almost a quarter of a century ago. Furthermore, Mr. Vijay could draw inspiration from his counterpart's approach to managing the Cauvery issue, by uniting various political stakeholders within his own state.
Vocabulary
AdjectiveHard
English: Not regular or consistent in movement, behavior, or quality. Explanation: Describes something that is unpredictable and doesn't follow a steady pattern.
अनियमित, अनिश्चित
Erratic
AdjectiveHard
English: Not regular or consistent in movement, behavior, or quality. Explanation: Describes something that is unpredictable and doesn't follow a steady pattern.
अनियमित, अनिश्चित
Examples
The patient's heartbeat was erratic, causing concern among the doctors.
"Emerging" sounds like "E-merge-ing" – things merging out of hiding.
NounMedium
English: A large natural depression on the Earth's surface, often containing water or formed by a river. Explanation: In geography, it's an area of land where all the water drains into a single river or lake.
द्रोणी, घाटी, थाला
Basin
NounMedium
English: A large natural depression on the Earth's surface, often containing water or formed by a river. Explanation: In geography, it's an area of land where all the water drains into a single river or lake.
द्रोणी, घाटी, थाला
Examples
The Amazon river basin is home to an incredible diversity of wildlife.
Synonyms
valley, depression, hollow, catchment area, watershed, crater, bowl
Antonyms
peak, summit, ridge, mountain, plateau
Memory Trick
Think of a "wash basin" – it collects water, just like a river basin collects water for a river.
AdjectiveHard
English: Relating to or situated on the banks of a river or stream. Explanation: This adjective is used to describe things connected to riverbanks, especially the land and vegetation there.
नदी तट संबंधी, तटवर्ती
Riparian
AdjectiveHard
English: Relating to or situated on the banks of a river or stream. Explanation: This adjective is used to describe things connected to riverbanks, especially the land and vegetation there.
नदी तट संबंधी, तटवर्ती
Examples
Riparian zones are crucial for maintaining water quality and wildlife habitats.
"Riparian" sounds like "river-ian" – relating to rivers.
Adverb, AdjectiveMedium
English: In the direction opposite to the flow of a river; towards the source. Explanation: Refers to the part of a river or stream that is closer to its origin, against the current.
धारा के प्रतिकूल, नदी के ऊपरी हिस्से में
Upstream
Adverb, AdjectiveMedium
English: In the direction opposite to the flow of a river; towards the source. Explanation: Refers to the part of a river or stream that is closer to its origin, against the current.
धारा के प्रतिकूल, नदी के ऊपरी हिस्से में
Examples
Salmon swim upstream to lay their eggs.
Synonyms
against the current, towards the source, higher up, headwater
Antonyms
downstream, with the current, lower down, mouth
Memory Trick
"Up" + "stream" = going up the stream, against the flow.
Adverb, AdjectiveMedium
English: In the direction of the flow of a river; towards the mouth. Explanation: Refers to the part of a river or stream that is closer to where it empties, with the current.
धारा के अनुकूल, नदी के निचले हिस्से में
Downstream
Adverb, AdjectiveMedium
English: In the direction of the flow of a river; towards the mouth. Explanation: Refers to the part of a river or stream that is closer to where it empties, with the current.
धारा के अनुकूल, नदी के निचले हिस्से में
Examples
Pollution released upstream can affect communities downstream.
Synonyms
with the current, towards the mouth, lower down, seaward
Antonyms
upstream, against the current, higher up, source
Memory Trick
"Down" + "stream" = going down the stream, with the flow.
NounMedium
English: Progress or movement forward. Explanation: Refers to the advancement or improvement made in a task or situation. Often used with "make."
प्रगति, उन्नति
Headway
NounMedium
English: Progress or movement forward. Explanation: Refers to the advancement or improvement made in a task or situation. Often used with "make."
प्रगति, उन्नति
Examples
We're making good headway on the project, despite some initial challenges.
Synonyms
progress, advancement, development, improvement, gain, stride, momentum
To make "headway" is to move your "head" (and body) "way" forward.
Verb (present participle)Medium
English: Setting up or founding something; proving or showing something to be true. Explanation: This verb means to create or set something up on a firm or permanent basis, or to confirm a fact.
स्थापित करना, तय करना
Establishing
Verb (present participle)Medium
English: Setting up or founding something; proving or showing something to be true. Explanation: This verb means to create or set something up on a firm or permanent basis, or to confirm a fact.
स्थापित करना, तय करना
Examples
The company is establishing a new branch in the city.
To "establish" is to make something "stable" – set it up firmly.
AdjectiveHard
English: Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial. Explanation: Describes an issue or person that tends to provoke disagreement or debate.
विवादास्पद, झगड़ालू
Contentious
AdjectiveHard
English: Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial. Explanation: Describes an issue or person that tends to provoke disagreement or debate.
विवादास्पद, झगड़ालू
Examples
The new policy proved to be highly contentious among the public.
"Contentious" sounds like "contention" – full of arguments and disagreement.
Noun (also Verb)Medium
English: An argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries. Explanation: Refers to a strong disagreement, often formal, between parties. Can also be a verb meaning to argue about something.
विवाद, झगड़ा
Dispute
Noun (also Verb)Medium
English: An argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries. Explanation: Refers to a strong disagreement, often formal, between parties. Can also be a verb meaning to argue about something.
विवाद, झगड़ा
Examples
The border dispute between the two nations has lasted for decades.
"Substantial" sounds like "substance-ial" – having a lot of substance, therefore large or important.
NounHard
English: The area from which rainfall flows into a river, lake, or reservoir. Explanation: A geographical area where water collects and drains into a common outlet.
जल ग्रहण क्षेत्र, जलग्रहण
Catchment
NounHard
English: The area from which rainfall flows into a river, lake, or reservoir. Explanation: A geographical area where water collects and drains into a common outlet.
जल ग्रहण क्षेत्र, जलग्रहण
Examples
Heavy rainfall in the catchment area led to increased river levels.
Synonyms
watershed, drainage basin, river basin, water collection area, hydrographic basin
Memory Trick
"Catchment" is where water is "caught" and collected.
NounHard
English: The action or process of intervening, especially to prevent or alter a course of events. Explanation: Refers to stepping in to influence a situation, often to improve it or resolve a conflict.
हस्तक्षेप, दखलअंदाजी
Intervention
NounHard
English: The action or process of intervening, especially to prevent or alter a course of events. Explanation: Refers to stepping in to influence a situation, often to improve it or resolve a conflict.
हस्तक्षेप, दखलअंदाजी
Examples
Military intervention was considered to restore peace in the region.
"Alleviate" sounds like "elevate" – to lift a burden, making it lighter/less severe.
AdjectiveMedium
English: (Especially of a cause or reason) important in the situation but not always obvious or stated directly. Explanation: Refers to something that is fundamental or hidden but forms the basis of a situation or problem.
अंतर्निहित, मूल
Underlying
AdjectiveMedium
English: (Especially of a cause or reason) important in the situation but not always obvious or stated directly. Explanation: Refers to something that is fundamental or hidden but forms the basis of a situation or problem.
अंतर्निहित, मूल
Examples
We need to address the underlying causes of poverty, not just the symptoms.
"Exacerbate" sounds like "ex-ASS-er-bate" – to make an "ass" of a situation, making it worse.
AdjectiveHard
English: Characterized by or showing strong loyalty to one's own region or area, often to the exclusion of others. Explanation: Describes attitudes or policies that prioritize the interests of a particular region over national or broader interests.
क्षेत्रवादी, क्षेत्रीयतावादी
Regionalistic
AdjectiveHard
English: Characterized by or showing strong loyalty to one's own region or area, often to the exclusion of others. Explanation: Describes attitudes or policies that prioritize the interests of a particular region over national or broader interests.
क्षेत्रवादी, क्षेत्रीयतावादी
Examples
Regionalistic sentiments can sometimes hinder national unity.
"Regionalistic" is about focusing only on your "region."
Noun (plural)Medium
English: A feeling or opinion, especially one based on emotion rather than reason. Explanation: Refers to emotions, feelings, or attitudes, often shared by a group of people.
भावनाएँ, विचार
Sentiments
Noun (plural)Medium
English: A feeling or opinion, especially one based on emotion rather than reason. Explanation: Refers to emotions, feelings, or attitudes, often shared by a group of people.
भावनाएँ, विचार
Examples
Public sentiments were strongly against the proposed tax increase.
"Sentiments" sounds like "sense-i-ments" – what you "sense" or feel.
NounMedium
English: Conflict or animosity caused by a clash of wills, temperaments, or interests. Explanation: In this context, it refers to disagreement or tension between people or groups, not physical rubbing.
घर्षण, मनमुटाव, अनबन
Friction
NounMedium
English: Conflict or animosity caused by a clash of wills, temperaments, or interests. Explanation: In this context, it refers to disagreement or tension between people or groups, not physical rubbing.
घर्षण, मनमुटाव, अनबन
Examples
There was considerable friction between the two departments over budget allocations.
Just like physical friction creates heat and resistance, social "friction" creates heat (anger) and resistance (disagreement).
Verb (present participle)Medium
English: Becoming or making something more intense, stronger, or more extreme. Explanation: Describes the process of something becoming more powerful, severe, or concentrated.
तीव्र करना, तेज करना, बढ़ाना
Intensifying
Verb (present participle)Medium
English: Becoming or making something more intense, stronger, or more extreme. Explanation: Describes the process of something becoming more powerful, severe, or concentrated.
तीव्र करना, तेज करना, बढ़ाना
Examples
The storm is intensifying, so we should seek shelter.
"Coinciding" sounds like "co-incident" – two incidents happening together.
Noun (plural)Hard
English: A large amount of money, water, or people moving into a place. Explanation: Refers to the movement of something (like water, money, or people) into a particular area or system.
अंतर्प्रवाह, आवक
Inflows
Noun (plural)Hard
English: A large amount of money, water, or people moving into a place. Explanation: Refers to the movement of something (like water, money, or people) into a particular area or system.
अंतर्प्रवाह, आवक
Examples
The dam's water levels rose due to significant inflows from the heavy rains.
Synonyms
influx, ingress, input, entry, arrival, stream, current
English: The quality of not being able to be trusted or depended on. Explanation: Describes something that frequently fails to meet expectations or perform consistently.
अविश्वसनीयता
Unreliability
NounHard
English: The quality of not being able to be trusted or depended on. Explanation: Describes something that frequently fails to meet expectations or perform consistently.
अविश्वसनीयता
Examples
The old car's unreliability made long journeys a constant worry.
"Re-cur" sounds like "re-occur," meaning to happen again.
NounMedium
English: A large natural depression on the earth's surface, typically containing water; an area drained by a river and its tributaries. Explanation: Often refers to a geographical area where all rainfall and snowmelt drain into a common river or lake.
द्रोणी, बेसिन
Basin
NounMedium
English: A large natural depression on the earth's surface, typically containing water; an area drained by a river and its tributaries. Explanation: Often refers to a geographical area where all rainfall and snowmelt drain into a common river or lake.
द्रोणी, बेसिन
Examples
The Amazon river basin is home to an incredible variety of wildlife.
Synonyms
valley, depression, hollow, catchment, watershed, drainage area, concavity
Antonyms
peak, summit, ridge, mound, hill, plateau, elevation
Memory Trick
Think of a "wash basin" where water collects; a river basin is where river water collects.
Verb (present participle)Hard
English: Planning or inventing a method or system by careful thought. Explanation: Involves creating something new or a new way of doing things, often requiring ingenuity.
योजना बनाना, ईजाद करना
Devising
Verb (present participle)Hard
English: Planning or inventing a method or system by careful thought. Explanation: Involves creating something new or a new way of doing things, often requiring ingenuity.
योजना बनाना, ईजाद करना
Examples
The team spent weeks devising a new strategy for the marketing campaign.
English: The state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage. Explanation: Refers to a situation where there isn't enough of something to meet demand.
कमी, अभाव
Scarcity
NounMedium
English: The state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage. Explanation: Refers to a situation where there isn't enough of something to meet demand.
कमी, अभाव
Examples
The scarcity of fresh water is a major global concern.
"Scarce" sounds like "scare," because a shortage can scare people.
AdjectiveHard
English: Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial. Explanation: Describes an issue or person that tends to provoke disagreement or debate.
विवादास्पद, झगड़ालू
Contentious
AdjectiveHard
English: Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial. Explanation: Describes an issue or person that tends to provoke disagreement or debate.
विवादास्पद, झगड़ालू
Examples
The land dispute became a highly contentious issue between the two families.
"Contentious" sounds like "contention," which means dispute or argument.
NounHard
English: An area from which rainfall flows into a river, lake, or reservoir. Explanation: Similar to a basin, but often used specifically in the context of water collection for supply.
जलग्रहण क्षेत्र
Catchment
NounHard
English: An area from which rainfall flows into a river, lake, or reservoir. Explanation: Similar to a basin, but often used specifically in the context of water collection for supply.
जलग्रहण क्षेत्र
Examples
Heavy rainfall in the catchment area quickly filled the reservoir.
English: Showing excessive loyalty to one's own region or area, often at the expense of national unity. Explanation: Describes an attitude or sentiment that prioritizes the interests of a specific region.
क्षेत्रवाद से संबंधित, क्षेत्रीयतावादी
Regionalistic
AdjectiveHard
English: Showing excessive loyalty to one's own region or area, often at the expense of national unity. Explanation: Describes an attitude or sentiment that prioritizes the interests of a specific region.
क्षेत्रवाद से संबंधित, क्षेत्रीयतावादी
Examples
The regionalistic policies led to divisions within the country.
Focuses on "region" only, ignoring the bigger picture.
NounMedium
English: Conflict or animosity caused by a clash of wills, temperaments, or opinions. Explanation: Often used metaphorically to describe tension or disagreement between people or groups.
घर्षण, मनमुटाव
Friction
NounMedium
English: Conflict or animosity caused by a clash of wills, temperaments, or opinions. Explanation: Often used metaphorically to describe tension or disagreement between people or groups.
घर्षण, मनमुटाव
Examples
There was considerable friction between the two departments over budget allocation.
Think of an "escalator" that takes you up, making things bigger or higher.
Verb (present participle)Medium
English: Publicly recommending or supporting a particular cause, policy, or person. Explanation: Involves speaking or writing in favor of something or someone.
वकालत करना, समर्थन करना
Advocating
Verb (present participle)Medium
English: Publicly recommending or supporting a particular cause, policy, or person. Explanation: Involves speaking or writing in favor of something or someone.
वकालत करना, समर्थन करना
Examples
She is tirelessly advocating for environmental protection.
Synonyms
supporting, championing, promoting, endorsing, recommending, upholding, campaigning for
"Pre" means before; "mature" means ready. So, before ready.
VerbHard
English: Makes a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling worse. Explanation: Implies that an existing negative situation is made more severe or intense.
बदतर बनाना, बिगड़ना
Exacerbates
VerbHard
English: Makes a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling worse. Explanation: Implies that an existing negative situation is made more severe or intense.
बदतर बनाना, बिगड़ना
Examples
The lack of communication only exacerbates the tension between them.
"Un-" (not) "precedented" (having a precedent/previous example).
Adjective (often used as past Medium
English: Given official authority to do something; ordered or required by law or authority. Explanation: Refers to something that is compulsory or officially commanded.
अनिवार्य, आदेशित
Mandated
Adjective (often used as past Medium
English: Given official authority to do something; ordered or required by law or authority. Explanation: Refers to something that is compulsory or officially commanded.
अनिवार्य, आदेशित
Examples
The new safety regulations are mandated by federal law.
"In-" means not; "sufficient" means enough. So, not enough.
NounHard
English: The amount by which something, especially an amount of money, is too small. Explanation: Refers to a shortfall or a negative balance, often in finances or resources.
घाटा, कमी
Deficit
NounHard
English: The amount by which something, especially an amount of money, is too small. Explanation: Refers to a shortfall or a negative balance, often in finances or resources.
घाटा, कमी
Examples
The company reported a budget deficit for the third consecutive year.
surplus, excess, profit, abundance, gain, plenty, advantage
Memory Trick
"Deficit" sounds like "deficient" or "defect," meaning something is missing or lacking.
NounHard
English: Unintended consequences of an event or action, especially unwelcome ones. Explanation: Often used to describe negative or far-reaching effects that follow an action.
परिणाम, प्रतिध्वनि (नकारात्मक अर्थ में)
Repercussions
NounHard
English: Unintended consequences of an event or action, especially unwelcome ones. Explanation: Often used to describe negative or far-reaching effects that follow an action.
परिणाम, प्रतिध्वनि (नकारात्मक अर्थ में)
Examples
His resignation had serious repercussions for the entire project.
"Re-per-cussions" sounds like "re-percussions" (repeated hitting), implying a chain of effects.
Verb (past participle, often uHard
English: Demanded or specified as part of a bargain or agreement. Explanation: Refers to conditions or requirements that are formally stated as essential.
निर्धारित, शर्त रखी गई
Stipulated
Verb (past participle, often uHard
English: Demanded or specified as part of a bargain or agreement. Explanation: Refers to conditions or requirements that are formally stated as essential.
निर्धारित, शर्त रखी गई
Examples
The contract stipulated that all payments must be made within 30 days.
Synonyms
specified, required, mandated, prescribed, demanded, agreed, set forth
If you "endorse" something, you put your "end" (signature/approval) on it.
VerbHard
English: To stick fast to a surface or substance; to believe in and follow the practices of. Explanation: Can mean to literally stick, or more commonly, to follow rules, beliefs, or principles strictly.
पालन करना, चिपकना
Adhere
VerbHard
English: To stick fast to a surface or substance; to believe in and follow the practices of. Explanation: Can mean to literally stick, or more commonly, to follow rules, beliefs, or principles strictly.
पालन करना, चिपकना
Examples
All employees must adhere to the company's strict dress code.
Synonyms
stick, cling, follow, abide by, conform to, comply with, observe
English: Relating to or situated on the banks of a river or stream. Explanation: A specific term used in geography and environmental science for things connected to riverbanks.
नदी के किनारे का, तटवर्ती
Riparian
AdjectiveHard
English: Relating to or situated on the banks of a river or stream. Explanation: A specific term used in geography and environmental science for things connected to riverbanks.
नदी के किनारे का, तटवर्ती
Examples
Riparian zones are crucial for maintaining water quality and wildlife habitats.
"Riparian" sounds like "river-ian," relating to a river.
Noun/VerbHard
English: An attempt to achieve a goal; to try hard to do or achieve something. Explanation: Can be used as a noun for a serious effort or as a verb for making such an effort.
प्रयास, चेष्टा
Endeavor
Noun/VerbHard
English: An attempt to achieve a goal; to try hard to do or achieve something. Explanation: Can be used as a noun for a serious effort or as a verb for making such an effort.
प्रयास, चेष्टा
Examples
Climbing Mount Everest was a challenging endeavor. / We must endeavor to improve our customer service.
"Endeavor" sounds like "end-ever," meaning you try hard until the very end, forever if needed.
Study Tip
Bookmark difficult words to your Word Bank and review them regularly to lock them into memory.
Vocabulary
AdjectiveHard
English: Not regular or consistent in movement, behavior, or quality. Explanation: Describes something that is unpredictable and doesn't follow a steady pattern.
अनियमित, अनिश्चित
Erratic
AdjectiveHard
English: Not regular or consistent in movement, behavior, or quality. Explanation: Describes something that is unpredictable and doesn't follow a steady pattern.
अनियमित, अनिश्चित
Examples
The patient's heartbeat was erratic, causing concern among the doctors.
"Emerging" sounds like "E-merge-ing" – things merging out of hiding.
NounMedium
English: A large natural depression on the Earth's surface, often containing water or formed by a river. Explanation: In geography, it's an area of land where all the water drains into a single river or lake.
द्रोणी, घाटी, थाला
Basin
NounMedium
English: A large natural depression on the Earth's surface, often containing water or formed by a river. Explanation: In geography, it's an area of land where all the water drains into a single river or lake.
द्रोणी, घाटी, थाला
Examples
The Amazon river basin is home to an incredible diversity of wildlife.
Synonyms
valley, depression, hollow, catchment area, watershed, crater, bowl
Antonyms
peak, summit, ridge, mountain, plateau
Memory Trick
Think of a "wash basin" – it collects water, just like a river basin collects water for a river.
AdjectiveHard
English: Relating to or situated on the banks of a river or stream. Explanation: This adjective is used to describe things connected to riverbanks, especially the land and vegetation there.
नदी तट संबंधी, तटवर्ती
Riparian
AdjectiveHard
English: Relating to or situated on the banks of a river or stream. Explanation: This adjective is used to describe things connected to riverbanks, especially the land and vegetation there.
नदी तट संबंधी, तटवर्ती
Examples
Riparian zones are crucial for maintaining water quality and wildlife habitats.
"Riparian" sounds like "river-ian" – relating to rivers.
Adverb, AdjectiveMedium
English: In the direction opposite to the flow of a river; towards the source. Explanation: Refers to the part of a river or stream that is closer to its origin, against the current.
धारा के प्रतिकूल, नदी के ऊपरी हिस्से में
Upstream
Adverb, AdjectiveMedium
English: In the direction opposite to the flow of a river; towards the source. Explanation: Refers to the part of a river or stream that is closer to its origin, against the current.
धारा के प्रतिकूल, नदी के ऊपरी हिस्से में
Examples
Salmon swim upstream to lay their eggs.
Synonyms
against the current, towards the source, higher up, headwater
Antonyms
downstream, with the current, lower down, mouth
Memory Trick
"Up" + "stream" = going up the stream, against the flow.
Adverb, AdjectiveMedium
English: In the direction of the flow of a river; towards the mouth. Explanation: Refers to the part of a river or stream that is closer to where it empties, with the current.
धारा के अनुकूल, नदी के निचले हिस्से में
Downstream
Adverb, AdjectiveMedium
English: In the direction of the flow of a river; towards the mouth. Explanation: Refers to the part of a river or stream that is closer to where it empties, with the current.
धारा के अनुकूल, नदी के निचले हिस्से में
Examples
Pollution released upstream can affect communities downstream.
Synonyms
with the current, towards the mouth, lower down, seaward
Antonyms
upstream, against the current, higher up, source
Memory Trick
"Down" + "stream" = going down the stream, with the flow.
NounMedium
English: Progress or movement forward. Explanation: Refers to the advancement or improvement made in a task or situation. Often used with "make."
प्रगति, उन्नति
Headway
NounMedium
English: Progress or movement forward. Explanation: Refers to the advancement or improvement made in a task or situation. Often used with "make."
प्रगति, उन्नति
Examples
We're making good headway on the project, despite some initial challenges.
Synonyms
progress, advancement, development, improvement, gain, stride, momentum
To make "headway" is to move your "head" (and body) "way" forward.
Verb (present participle)Medium
English: Setting up or founding something; proving or showing something to be true. Explanation: This verb means to create or set something up on a firm or permanent basis, or to confirm a fact.
स्थापित करना, तय करना
Establishing
Verb (present participle)Medium
English: Setting up or founding something; proving or showing something to be true. Explanation: This verb means to create or set something up on a firm or permanent basis, or to confirm a fact.
स्थापित करना, तय करना
Examples
The company is establishing a new branch in the city.
To "establish" is to make something "stable" – set it up firmly.
AdjectiveHard
English: Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial. Explanation: Describes an issue or person that tends to provoke disagreement or debate.
विवादास्पद, झगड़ालू
Contentious
AdjectiveHard
English: Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial. Explanation: Describes an issue or person that tends to provoke disagreement or debate.
विवादास्पद, झगड़ालू
Examples
The new policy proved to be highly contentious among the public.
"Contentious" sounds like "contention" – full of arguments and disagreement.
Noun (also Verb)Medium
English: An argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries. Explanation: Refers to a strong disagreement, often formal, between parties. Can also be a verb meaning to argue about something.
विवाद, झगड़ा
Dispute
Noun (also Verb)Medium
English: An argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries. Explanation: Refers to a strong disagreement, often formal, between parties. Can also be a verb meaning to argue about something.
विवाद, झगड़ा
Examples
The border dispute between the two nations has lasted for decades.
"Substantial" sounds like "substance-ial" – having a lot of substance, therefore large or important.
NounHard
English: The area from which rainfall flows into a river, lake, or reservoir. Explanation: A geographical area where water collects and drains into a common outlet.
जल ग्रहण क्षेत्र, जलग्रहण
Catchment
NounHard
English: The area from which rainfall flows into a river, lake, or reservoir. Explanation: A geographical area where water collects and drains into a common outlet.
जल ग्रहण क्षेत्र, जलग्रहण
Examples
Heavy rainfall in the catchment area led to increased river levels.
Synonyms
watershed, drainage basin, river basin, water collection area, hydrographic basin
Memory Trick
"Catchment" is where water is "caught" and collected.
NounHard
English: The action or process of intervening, especially to prevent or alter a course of events. Explanation: Refers to stepping in to influence a situation, often to improve it or resolve a conflict.
हस्तक्षेप, दखलअंदाजी
Intervention
NounHard
English: The action or process of intervening, especially to prevent or alter a course of events. Explanation: Refers to stepping in to influence a situation, often to improve it or resolve a conflict.
हस्तक्षेप, दखलअंदाजी
Examples
Military intervention was considered to restore peace in the region.
"Alleviate" sounds like "elevate" – to lift a burden, making it lighter/less severe.
AdjectiveMedium
English: (Especially of a cause or reason) important in the situation but not always obvious or stated directly. Explanation: Refers to something that is fundamental or hidden but forms the basis of a situation or problem.
अंतर्निहित, मूल
Underlying
AdjectiveMedium
English: (Especially of a cause or reason) important in the situation but not always obvious or stated directly. Explanation: Refers to something that is fundamental or hidden but forms the basis of a situation or problem.
अंतर्निहित, मूल
Examples
We need to address the underlying causes of poverty, not just the symptoms.
"Exacerbate" sounds like "ex-ASS-er-bate" – to make an "ass" of a situation, making it worse.
AdjectiveHard
English: Characterized by or showing strong loyalty to one's own region or area, often to the exclusion of others. Explanation: Describes attitudes or policies that prioritize the interests of a particular region over national or broader interests.
क्षेत्रवादी, क्षेत्रीयतावादी
Regionalistic
AdjectiveHard
English: Characterized by or showing strong loyalty to one's own region or area, often to the exclusion of others. Explanation: Describes attitudes or policies that prioritize the interests of a particular region over national or broader interests.
क्षेत्रवादी, क्षेत्रीयतावादी
Examples
Regionalistic sentiments can sometimes hinder national unity.
"Regionalistic" is about focusing only on your "region."
Noun (plural)Medium
English: A feeling or opinion, especially one based on emotion rather than reason. Explanation: Refers to emotions, feelings, or attitudes, often shared by a group of people.
भावनाएँ, विचार
Sentiments
Noun (plural)Medium
English: A feeling or opinion, especially one based on emotion rather than reason. Explanation: Refers to emotions, feelings, or attitudes, often shared by a group of people.
भावनाएँ, विचार
Examples
Public sentiments were strongly against the proposed tax increase.
"Sentiments" sounds like "sense-i-ments" – what you "sense" or feel.
NounMedium
English: Conflict or animosity caused by a clash of wills, temperaments, or interests. Explanation: In this context, it refers to disagreement or tension between people or groups, not physical rubbing.
घर्षण, मनमुटाव, अनबन
Friction
NounMedium
English: Conflict or animosity caused by a clash of wills, temperaments, or interests. Explanation: In this context, it refers to disagreement or tension between people or groups, not physical rubbing.
घर्षण, मनमुटाव, अनबन
Examples
There was considerable friction between the two departments over budget allocations.
Just like physical friction creates heat and resistance, social "friction" creates heat (anger) and resistance (disagreement).
Verb (present participle)Medium
English: Becoming or making something more intense, stronger, or more extreme. Explanation: Describes the process of something becoming more powerful, severe, or concentrated.
तीव्र करना, तेज करना, बढ़ाना
Intensifying
Verb (present participle)Medium
English: Becoming or making something more intense, stronger, or more extreme. Explanation: Describes the process of something becoming more powerful, severe, or concentrated.
तीव्र करना, तेज करना, बढ़ाना
Examples
The storm is intensifying, so we should seek shelter.
"Coinciding" sounds like "co-incident" – two incidents happening together.
Noun (plural)Hard
English: A large amount of money, water, or people moving into a place. Explanation: Refers to the movement of something (like water, money, or people) into a particular area or system.
अंतर्प्रवाह, आवक
Inflows
Noun (plural)Hard
English: A large amount of money, water, or people moving into a place. Explanation: Refers to the movement of something (like water, money, or people) into a particular area or system.
अंतर्प्रवाह, आवक
Examples
The dam's water levels rose due to significant inflows from the heavy rains.
Synonyms
influx, ingress, input, entry, arrival, stream, current
English: The quality of not being able to be trusted or depended on. Explanation: Describes something that frequently fails to meet expectations or perform consistently.
अविश्वसनीयता
Unreliability
NounHard
English: The quality of not being able to be trusted or depended on. Explanation: Describes something that frequently fails to meet expectations or perform consistently.
अविश्वसनीयता
Examples
The old car's unreliability made long journeys a constant worry.
"Re-cur" sounds like "re-occur," meaning to happen again.
NounMedium
English: A large natural depression on the earth's surface, typically containing water; an area drained by a river and its tributaries. Explanation: Often refers to a geographical area where all rainfall and snowmelt drain into a common river or lake.
द्रोणी, बेसिन
Basin
NounMedium
English: A large natural depression on the earth's surface, typically containing water; an area drained by a river and its tributaries. Explanation: Often refers to a geographical area where all rainfall and snowmelt drain into a common river or lake.
द्रोणी, बेसिन
Examples
The Amazon river basin is home to an incredible variety of wildlife.
Synonyms
valley, depression, hollow, catchment, watershed, drainage area, concavity
Antonyms
peak, summit, ridge, mound, hill, plateau, elevation
Memory Trick
Think of a "wash basin" where water collects; a river basin is where river water collects.
Verb (present participle)Hard
English: Planning or inventing a method or system by careful thought. Explanation: Involves creating something new or a new way of doing things, often requiring ingenuity.
योजना बनाना, ईजाद करना
Devising
Verb (present participle)Hard
English: Planning or inventing a method or system by careful thought. Explanation: Involves creating something new or a new way of doing things, often requiring ingenuity.
योजना बनाना, ईजाद करना
Examples
The team spent weeks devising a new strategy for the marketing campaign.
English: The state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage. Explanation: Refers to a situation where there isn't enough of something to meet demand.
कमी, अभाव
Scarcity
NounMedium
English: The state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage. Explanation: Refers to a situation where there isn't enough of something to meet demand.
कमी, अभाव
Examples
The scarcity of fresh water is a major global concern.
"Scarce" sounds like "scare," because a shortage can scare people.
AdjectiveHard
English: Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial. Explanation: Describes an issue or person that tends to provoke disagreement or debate.
विवादास्पद, झगड़ालू
Contentious
AdjectiveHard
English: Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial. Explanation: Describes an issue or person that tends to provoke disagreement or debate.
विवादास्पद, झगड़ालू
Examples
The land dispute became a highly contentious issue between the two families.
"Contentious" sounds like "contention," which means dispute or argument.
NounHard
English: An area from which rainfall flows into a river, lake, or reservoir. Explanation: Similar to a basin, but often used specifically in the context of water collection for supply.
जलग्रहण क्षेत्र
Catchment
NounHard
English: An area from which rainfall flows into a river, lake, or reservoir. Explanation: Similar to a basin, but often used specifically in the context of water collection for supply.
जलग्रहण क्षेत्र
Examples
Heavy rainfall in the catchment area quickly filled the reservoir.
English: Showing excessive loyalty to one's own region or area, often at the expense of national unity. Explanation: Describes an attitude or sentiment that prioritizes the interests of a specific region.
क्षेत्रवाद से संबंधित, क्षेत्रीयतावादी
Regionalistic
AdjectiveHard
English: Showing excessive loyalty to one's own region or area, often at the expense of national unity. Explanation: Describes an attitude or sentiment that prioritizes the interests of a specific region.
क्षेत्रवाद से संबंधित, क्षेत्रीयतावादी
Examples
The regionalistic policies led to divisions within the country.
Focuses on "region" only, ignoring the bigger picture.
NounMedium
English: Conflict or animosity caused by a clash of wills, temperaments, or opinions. Explanation: Often used metaphorically to describe tension or disagreement between people or groups.
घर्षण, मनमुटाव
Friction
NounMedium
English: Conflict or animosity caused by a clash of wills, temperaments, or opinions. Explanation: Often used metaphorically to describe tension or disagreement between people or groups.
घर्षण, मनमुटाव
Examples
There was considerable friction between the two departments over budget allocation.
Think of an "escalator" that takes you up, making things bigger or higher.
Verb (present participle)Medium
English: Publicly recommending or supporting a particular cause, policy, or person. Explanation: Involves speaking or writing in favor of something or someone.
वकालत करना, समर्थन करना
Advocating
Verb (present participle)Medium
English: Publicly recommending or supporting a particular cause, policy, or person. Explanation: Involves speaking or writing in favor of something or someone.
वकालत करना, समर्थन करना
Examples
She is tirelessly advocating for environmental protection.
Synonyms
supporting, championing, promoting, endorsing, recommending, upholding, campaigning for
"Pre" means before; "mature" means ready. So, before ready.
VerbHard
English: Makes a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling worse. Explanation: Implies that an existing negative situation is made more severe or intense.
बदतर बनाना, बिगड़ना
Exacerbates
VerbHard
English: Makes a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling worse. Explanation: Implies that an existing negative situation is made more severe or intense.
बदतर बनाना, बिगड़ना
Examples
The lack of communication only exacerbates the tension between them.
"Un-" (not) "precedented" (having a precedent/previous example).
Adjective (often used as past Medium
English: Given official authority to do something; ordered or required by law or authority. Explanation: Refers to something that is compulsory or officially commanded.
अनिवार्य, आदेशित
Mandated
Adjective (often used as past Medium
English: Given official authority to do something; ordered or required by law or authority. Explanation: Refers to something that is compulsory or officially commanded.
अनिवार्य, आदेशित
Examples
The new safety regulations are mandated by federal law.
"In-" means not; "sufficient" means enough. So, not enough.
NounHard
English: The amount by which something, especially an amount of money, is too small. Explanation: Refers to a shortfall or a negative balance, often in finances or resources.
घाटा, कमी
Deficit
NounHard
English: The amount by which something, especially an amount of money, is too small. Explanation: Refers to a shortfall or a negative balance, often in finances or resources.
घाटा, कमी
Examples
The company reported a budget deficit for the third consecutive year.
surplus, excess, profit, abundance, gain, plenty, advantage
Memory Trick
"Deficit" sounds like "deficient" or "defect," meaning something is missing or lacking.
NounHard
English: Unintended consequences of an event or action, especially unwelcome ones. Explanation: Often used to describe negative or far-reaching effects that follow an action.
परिणाम, प्रतिध्वनि (नकारात्मक अर्थ में)
Repercussions
NounHard
English: Unintended consequences of an event or action, especially unwelcome ones. Explanation: Often used to describe negative or far-reaching effects that follow an action.
परिणाम, प्रतिध्वनि (नकारात्मक अर्थ में)
Examples
His resignation had serious repercussions for the entire project.
"Re-per-cussions" sounds like "re-percussions" (repeated hitting), implying a chain of effects.
Verb (past participle, often uHard
English: Demanded or specified as part of a bargain or agreement. Explanation: Refers to conditions or requirements that are formally stated as essential.
निर्धारित, शर्त रखी गई
Stipulated
Verb (past participle, often uHard
English: Demanded or specified as part of a bargain or agreement. Explanation: Refers to conditions or requirements that are formally stated as essential.
निर्धारित, शर्त रखी गई
Examples
The contract stipulated that all payments must be made within 30 days.
Synonyms
specified, required, mandated, prescribed, demanded, agreed, set forth
If you "endorse" something, you put your "end" (signature/approval) on it.
VerbHard
English: To stick fast to a surface or substance; to believe in and follow the practices of. Explanation: Can mean to literally stick, or more commonly, to follow rules, beliefs, or principles strictly.
पालन करना, चिपकना
Adhere
VerbHard
English: To stick fast to a surface or substance; to believe in and follow the practices of. Explanation: Can mean to literally stick, or more commonly, to follow rules, beliefs, or principles strictly.
पालन करना, चिपकना
Examples
All employees must adhere to the company's strict dress code.
Synonyms
stick, cling, follow, abide by, conform to, comply with, observe
English: Relating to or situated on the banks of a river or stream. Explanation: A specific term used in geography and environmental science for things connected to riverbanks.
नदी के किनारे का, तटवर्ती
Riparian
AdjectiveHard
English: Relating to or situated on the banks of a river or stream. Explanation: A specific term used in geography and environmental science for things connected to riverbanks.
नदी के किनारे का, तटवर्ती
Examples
Riparian zones are crucial for maintaining water quality and wildlife habitats.
"Riparian" sounds like "river-ian," relating to a river.
Noun/VerbHard
English: An attempt to achieve a goal; to try hard to do or achieve something. Explanation: Can be used as a noun for a serious effort or as a verb for making such an effort.
प्रयास, चेष्टा
Endeavor
Noun/VerbHard
English: An attempt to achieve a goal; to try hard to do or achieve something. Explanation: Can be used as a noun for a serious effort or as a verb for making such an effort.
प्रयास, चेष्टा
Examples
Climbing Mount Everest was a challenging endeavor. / We must endeavor to improve our customer service.
